By Rajeev Bhattacharyya
October 27, 2026
People from the border villages of Pyar Re and Kyauk Lone that lie near Myanmar’s border with Bangladesh are constructing huts after relocating to Maungdaw in Myanmar’s Rakhine State.Credit: Rajeev Bhattacharyya
The Arakan Army (AA) is preparing to relocate some villages from the restive Bangladesh-Myanmar border at a time when the outfit is also deeply engaged in fierce battles against the Myanmar military’s renewed attempts to reclaim territories in Rakhine State.
The plan being fine-tuned will move residents of select villages from the border to areas in different parts of Maungdaw district in Myanmar’s Rakhine State that are well connected by roads and rivers.
In an interview on March 2, Arakan Army (AA) chief Twan Mrat Naing told this correspondent about the relocation plan, which would focus on “remote villages” along the border, many of which are inhabited by the Buddhist Mro community.
Twan Mrat Naing explained that concern for “better security arrangements” for the residents was the primary reason for the decision to shift residents of a few villages to other zones. “Many villages are isolated and scattered. We will have to ensure that this isolation comes to an end. We will have to relocate them and move them to a place where we can provide security and keep an eye on them,” he said.
The AA chief did not spell out any deadline for completion or details of the project. But the concerns he expressed over the security of some villages has multilayered connotations for the current situation along the Bangladesh-Myanmar border and AA’s plan to take control of it.
The 271 km-long Myanmar-Bangladesh border includes a riverine border of 64 km, where the Naf River serves as the boundary between the two countries. In Myanmar, the border runs along the districts of Maungdaw in Rakhine State and Paletwa in Chin State, contiguous to Cox’s Bazar in Bangladesh.
The two districts are both under AA’s control, but the focus of the relocation is on the border villages in Maungdaw, where the population of Rohingya Muslims is over 90 percent.
There is no clarity on how many villages there are along the Bangladesh-Myanmar border. Observers believe there were more Rohingya-inhabited villages before the ”clearance operations” of 2017, when many settlements were destroyed and ceased to exist. Currently, there are over a hundred villages, mostly inhabited by non-Rohingya communities such as Rakhine Buddhists, Mro, Khami, and Chakma.
The Rohingya village of Phegeepara along the border at Maungdaw in Myanmar’s Rakhine State. Photo by Rajeev Bhattacharyya.
ARSA’s Presence Along the Border
Underlying the AA’s decision to relocate border villages is its inability to establish absolute control along the border, unlike other parts of Rakhine State that it captured from the military two years ago.
Besides, the AA has to contend with the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA), a Rohingya Muslim militant group, which is seeking to carve out a distinct region for the community in northern Rakhine State.
In 2016-17, ARSA carried out a series of attacks on police and military outposts in northern Rakhine State. The military retaliated with the “clearance operations,” resulting in the death of thousands of Rohingya and the displacement of over 700,000 people, now lodged at refugee camps in Bangladesh.
The situation changed in late 2023 when the Myanmar military joined hands with Rohingya rebel outfits, including ARSA and the Rohingya Solidarity Organization (RSO), to stall the AA’s campaign to capture Maungdaw. While the military could not prevent the AA from taking control of Maungdaw, the violence resulted in more Rohingya and rebel functionaries crossing over to Bangladesh.
ARSA has support in the Rohingya villages in north Maungdaw. It mounts operations intermittently against the AA and residents of non-Rohingya villages. Its functionaries also frequent the Mayu mountains, which cut across the townships of Buthidaung, Maungdaw, and Rathedaung.
ARSA has clashed with the AA often. It has also abducted and murdered non-Rohingya residents from villages located either near the border or the Mayu mountains. Its victims were mostly from the Rakhine Buddhist, Mro, Khami, Thet, and Chakma communities.
On November 12 last year, ARSA abducted and killed three people, including a 10-year-old girl from Kone Chaung village in Maungdaw. “They were in a group of six people. Three men managed to escape with injuries,” Soe May, a resident of the village, whose daughter was killed, told The Diplomat.
A new batch of recruits being trained by the Arakan Army in Myanmar’s Rakhine State. Photo by Rajeev Bhattacharyya.
Possibility of Battles on Multiple Fronts
Currently, the AA is engaged in a fierce battle against the Myanmar military in Sittwe and the adjoining region. The Myanmar military unleashed a renewed offensive codenamed Operation 4926 to claw back territories it had lost to the AA in Rakhine State.
However, so far, the military has met with little success. Functionaries of the AA and its political wing, the United League of Arakan, who spoke to this correspondent, were of the view that the military might equip ARSA with weapons to launch more attacks against the AA in north Rakhine State. Reports have emerged of ARSA stepping up its campaign along the border even as the military offensive in Rakhine State deepens.
The AA is concerned about the vulnerability of non-Rohingya border villages to ARSA attacks. Residents of these villages often visit Bangladesh to purchase essential commodities and for medical treatment; this could cease if ARSA trains its guns on them.
A senior ULA functionary pointed out that the most vulnerable to ARSA attacks are about 20 villages located between border pillars 50 and 57, most of which are inhabited by the Mro and Rakhine Buddhist communities.
ARSA, along with the RSO, could target the AA and border villages from camps it has established on the Bangladesh side of the border. Traders from Maungdaw town who frequent the border, including some Rohingya, told The Diplomat that they have seen ARSA and RSO camps at Bandarban in Bangladesh’s Chittagong Hill Tracts.
“Some of these camps are not far from the outposts established by the Bangladesh Border Battalion. The border around Tombru in Bangladesh is the area where the ARSA is most active,” said Kyaw Aye Than, a trader based in the border village of Waylartaung, who occasionally lives in Maungdaw town.
The AA has diverted most of its resources to fight the military for control of Sittwe, the capital of Rakhine State. In addition, it has cadres stationed in the Bamar heartland such as Sagaing Region, Magwe, and Ayeyarwady, where it has teamed up with the local People’s Defense Forces (PDFs) in the movement against the military. The outfit would be overstretched if it were to divert more resources to confront ARSA along the border.
Two months ago, the AA launched its second compulsory recruitment drive under a special law called the National Emergency Defense Provision to increase its cadre strength.
The AA has reportedly learned of the “intimate ties” between ARSA and a section among the non-Rohingya villages, Twan Mrat Naing told me. A sustained collaboration between them could extend to information sharing, which would weaken the AA further in the border areas.
In addition to relocating villages, the AA plans to use technology to surveil the border areas. Drones, camera, and other equipment are being actively considered, the AA chief said.
After relocating from villages along the border two years ago, people have set up shops near Kine Gree village at Maungdaw in Myanmar’s Rakhine State. Photo by Rajeev Bhattacharyya.
Border Residents Have Started Relocating
Some non-Rohingya households from the border villages have started relocating to safe areas in Maungdaw, even as the AA is giving final shape to its relocation plans.
On February 10, I saw four huts being constructed near Kine Gree village, located about 20 km north of Maungdaw town. The residents, who belonged to the Mro community, hailed from Don Nyou village near pillar 52 on the border.
An elderly man named Kaing Htauk was among the group engaged in building the huts. He said that since last year 85 households had begun the process of relocating from Pyar Re and Kyauk Lone villages near border pillars 55 to 58. They are now building new homes on plots of land allocated by the ULA. He cited safety concerns as the reason for the move.
“ARSA camps and training facilities across the border in Bangladesh are not very far from our village,” Kaing Htauk said. “We were told by ARSA functionaries to join hands with them. They warned us of dire consequences if we did not.”
Two incidents prompted these residents to arrive at the momentous decision. In April last year, ARSA burnt an AA outpost. Five months later, six farmers, who crossed the border at pillar 52 to visit a market in Bangladesh, went missing. Alarmed villagers then began relocating from their villages.
“Residents of four villages comprising around a thousand people have already shifted to different areas in Maungdaw. More residents from other villages, mostly Mro, Rakhine Buddhists, and Khami, plan to do the same,” said Aung Hlaing, vice chairman of Mro Affairs Committee. He relocated three years ago from the border in a group of 30 people.
Most of the residents of the border villages were engaged in shifting cultivation or petty trade dependent on merchandise from Bangladesh. They face hardships in finding a livelihood in the new location, as it meant adapting to new occupations. While some of them have become daily wagers, others are cultivating food crops such as rice and vegetables and selling them in shops.