This report examines the historical origins and social impact of Hindutva in India and Zionism in Israel and Palestine. It explores how these ideologies shape national identity, citizenship, and belonging, and how they produce, sustain, and justify exclusion, forced displacement, apartheid, and genocide 1. Introduction India’s soil is layered with memory. Under its surface are the wreckage of empires and the footprints of refugees. India’s air vibrates with Sanskrit chants from temple courtyards and azaans from mosque minarets. India’s markets resound with the polyphony of hundreds of languages. India is a multicolored tapestry woven from the braided threads of a thousand cultures. India is not just a nation. It is a subcontinent where Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Jains, Buddhists, Zoroastrians, and Christians have lived together for millennia. Yet, in the early decades of the twentieth century, a new imagination took shape, one that sought to tidy up the mess of history, to scrape a...